A brief review of a two-sided story
Expeditionary troops south the border
PART TWO
México es kafkiano,
no tenemos pa´ elegir.
Como Cristina Pacheco dijo:
aquí nos tocó vivir.
Salvador Vélez Rodríguez / Ricardo Marcos-Serna
(J)oda a la Revolución, fragment
(…) desde el momento en que un gobernante no respeta la ley, no tiene otra regla a qué sujetar sus actos sino a sus propias pasiones (…)
Francisco I. Madero
One can´t tell the story of these Revolutions without making time gaps between its chapters. A Revolution is not merely a social movement but a living being, an animal that feeds in haunted places, that drinks blood of the men dying in battles, that dreams of strategy, betrayal, loyalty, braveness and fear. Who said “War is politics continued by other means”?
The first ten years of 20th Century were harmful for Mexico. It´s Government ruled out by a tyrant during thirty years, society as fragmented as Congress, earthquakes both political and geological, drought, corn and bean production reduced, forced armed recruitment, famine, all of these things contributing to a rise of political opposition.[1]
Madero crossed the American-Mexican border, briefly, on November 20th 1910. Hopping, perhaps, to see the country set in flames, he did found no more than a reduced group of men in the so called Ciudad Porfirio Díaz (today named Piedras Negras, Coahuila) and shortly after that returned to the USA and waited until February 14th 1911 when he crossed again southbound at Zaragoza Distrito Bravos, Chihuahua, and lead definitely the revolt until General Díaz resigned Presidency on May 25th 1911.
Trough those 186 days, Mexico lived and starred the first Revolution of the century in the wide world. And was in this period of 186 days when Francisco Villa begun to gain a place in History. Graded as Captain on Revolutionary Army, Villa was subordinated to a chief (Máximo Castillo) that he did not consider other thing that inept and dumb.
The Revolutionary Army faced a Federal Army in deplorable conditions: payless, hungry, barefoot in some cases, most of its troopers forced to be there and facing an irregular corps of well motivated men that gained confidence as they gained terrain, as they took towns and cities, sometimes in a bloody way, sometimes –as in the case of Colima and Michoacán, without shooting a single bullet.
Madero crossed the American-Mexican border, briefly, on November 20th 1910. Hopping, perhaps, to see the country set in flames, he did found no more than a reduced group of men in the so called Ciudad Porfirio Díaz (today named Piedras Negras, Coahuila) and shortly after that returned to the USA and waited until February 14th 1911 when he crossed again southbound at Zaragoza Distrito Bravos, Chihuahua, and lead definitely the revolt until General Díaz resigned Presidency on May 25th 1911.
Trough those 186 days, Mexico lived and starred the first Revolution of the century in the wide world. And was in this period of 186 days when Francisco Villa begun to gain a place in History. Graded as Captain on Revolutionary Army, Villa was subordinated to a chief (Máximo Castillo) that he did not consider other thing that inept and dumb.
The Revolutionary Army faced a Federal Army in deplorable conditions: payless, hungry, barefoot in some cases, most of its troopers forced to be there and facing an irregular corps of well motivated men that gained confidence as they gained terrain, as they took towns and cities, sometimes in a bloody way, sometimes –as in the case of Colima and Michoacán, without shooting a single bullet.
Young Federal soldier in a train station in México
But in towns they won by means of force some men did outstand as brave warriors, some as unsubordinated and some as proactive fighters. One of these battles was to become a milestone for the triumph of Revolution: the battle of Ciudad Juárez.
Madero and his Generals after the fall of Ciudad Juárez in the front of La Casa de Adobe.
Sit from left to right, Caranza; behind him, Villa. Left to Villa, Gustavo Madero.
Sit from left to right, Caranza; behind him, Villa. Left to Villa, Gustavo Madero.
Obviously important to survival of the near to end Revolution and essential for supplying and feeding the villista army in the next to come Revolution, Ciudad Juárez became a centerpiece in the revolutionary map.
In this absurd fight a touch of color: Máximo Castillo, one of maderista chiefs was stand aside Francisco I. Madero in the battle of Casas Grandes, prior to battle of Ciudad Juárez. They were losing the skirmish and bullet flied near to them. “Let´s lay down!” they say Castillo shouted. “No” Madero answered. “We´ll got dusty”.
On may 10th 1911 begun the siege of Ciudad Juárez under the menace of an American intervention if one single bullet cross into American territory (this absurd pretentious way of American Government), supported by the displacement of 20 thousand soldiers to the border region ordered by President Taft.
South of Ciudad Juárez at la Casa de Adobe, a rudimentary house turned into a Op-Center Command of revolutionary forces, Madero asked politely the surrender of the city.
In this absurd fight a touch of color: Máximo Castillo, one of maderista chiefs was stand aside Francisco I. Madero in the battle of Casas Grandes, prior to battle of Ciudad Juárez. They were losing the skirmish and bullet flied near to them. “Let´s lay down!” they say Castillo shouted. “No” Madero answered. “We´ll got dusty”.
On may 10th 1911 begun the siege of Ciudad Juárez under the menace of an American intervention if one single bullet cross into American territory (this absurd pretentious way of American Government), supported by the displacement of 20 thousand soldiers to the border region ordered by President Taft.
South of Ciudad Juárez at la Casa de Adobe, a rudimentary house turned into a Op-Center Command of revolutionary forces, Madero asked politely the surrender of the city.
In Federal Army camp, commanded by old General Juan N. Navarro, they received the request as a joke:
(…) ya sabemos que la gente de El Paso les está llevando uniformes, armas y lonches (…) Lo que deberían traerles son huevos que buena falta les hacen (…)
“I could not tolerate this” Villa said. But Madero prohibited any military action without his consent, partly because of stating his command before his troops and mostly because the American threat. Villa and Orozco decided to order their men incite a battle with federal soldiers (while both of them were at El Paso slurping ice cream). The men accomplished their mission involving federal troops in a firefight. When Madero was aware and asked Villa and Orozco for responsibilities, it was too late. Orozco and Villa, maybe smiling, shrugged and said: “Pos…”. “What are you going to do?” said Madero and ordered a full attack on Ciudad Juárez that finally fall down a day like this, May 21st, one hundred years ago just 9 miles from where I´m sitting now, writing these words. Four days after that General Díaz left Mexico in the boat Ypiranga, six months after that Madero swore as President of the Republic and three months after that he was killed in Mexico City.
Once Madero got to Mexico City on June 7th 1911 (that very morning an earthquake hit the Nation´s Capital), he summoned to general voting and won the Presidency against “official” candidate Francisco León de la Barra. On November 6th 1911, Madero protested as President and José María Pino Suárez as Vice-President.
President Madero and Vice-President Pino Suárez
Many of the veterans of maderista fights felt that Madero betrayed them ´cause they´re situation in the country was the same than before the Revolution and the so promised lands to come haven´t came yet. So, many of them rise in arms again, this time against the regime they helped to install. One of the leaders of that new Revolution was named Pascual Orozco, the man that incited the Ciudad Juárez combat aside Francisco Villa, the latest still loyal to Madero, fight against Orozco and his colorados. While this was happening along all the nation, Madero received the morning of February 9th 1913 with the notice of Generals Bernardo Reyes and Félix Díaz had been released from jail by General Manuel Mondragón and that they was leading a military coup d´etat against him. The Mexico City chief of gendarmerie, General Federico González Garza gathered in Presidency Residence, the Chapultepec castle, his forces and many cadets of the Military College to escort Madero all the way to Palacio Nacional where Bernardo Reyes, seditious General of the revolt, had just been killed by Government forces.
González Garza was injured and Madero had to replace him with General Victoriano Huerta.
González Garza was injured and Madero had to replace him with General Victoriano Huerta.
General Victoriano Huerta
From this moment and so on until Madero´s capture and dead, I can see a shocking parallelism between Francisco I. Madero and Salvador Allende fall in Chile´s military coup.
Madero needed a gendarmerie commander able to guide the defense of the City so, a military man was the better option and Madero chose Huerta ´cause of his military expertise. Allende in Chile did so with Augusto Pinochet even when Orlando Letelier (by the momento of the coup d´etat on September 11th 1973 he was the Defense Minister) tried to aware Allende about the imminent betray of Pinochet, asking Allende to kill him. In Mexico, sixty years before, Gustavo Madero tried to beware his brother Francisco about the imminent betray of Huerta, asking Madero to kill him.
None of both presidents listened to their advisors and both of them were betrayed by those whom cried before them on a pledge allegiance. Madero faced Huerta in Palacio Nacional and Huerta cried out he was loyal. Allende faced Pinochet in Palacio de la Moneda and Pinochet cried out he was loyal.
Madero needed a gendarmerie commander able to guide the defense of the City so, a military man was the better option and Madero chose Huerta ´cause of his military expertise. Allende in Chile did so with Augusto Pinochet even when Orlando Letelier (by the momento of the coup d´etat on September 11th 1973 he was the Defense Minister) tried to aware Allende about the imminent betray of Pinochet, asking Allende to kill him. In Mexico, sixty years before, Gustavo Madero tried to beware his brother Francisco about the imminent betray of Huerta, asking Madero to kill him.
None of both presidents listened to their advisors and both of them were betrayed by those whom cried before them on a pledge allegiance. Madero faced Huerta in Palacio Nacional and Huerta cried out he was loyal. Allende faced Pinochet in Palacio de la Moneda and Pinochet cried out he was loyal.
Up: Francisco and Gustavo Madero.
Down: Orlando Letelier and Salvador Allende
So, Madero was held prisoner in Palacio Nacional by General Aureliano Blanquet, an old military who commanded the firing squad that killed Maximiliano I de Habsburgo in the end of the Second French Intervention in Mexico. Madero was held prisoner with Vice-President Pino Suárez and General Felipe Ángeles, former chief of the Brigada de Artillería commanded by Pancho Villa. Madero and Pino Suárez were murdered in a dirty and dark street aside to Lecumberry jail. Ángeles was set free as a consideration to his military rank. Big mistake, indeed.
In coat, Huerta. Two sides to his left is General Aureliano Blanquet
Retired to civil life in Chihuahua, General Francisco Villa went to México for Madero´s burial and cried on the coffin, possibly swearing for revenge. Back in northern Mexico, Villa rise the men who fought aside him against General Díaz and General Orozco and begun the campaign that will end with the constitution of the División del Norte. A regular, well organized and perfectly girt and incredibly mobile army of more than thirty thousand men and a similar number of horses, formed by near of fifty brigades in which, even in the smallest, the head was custodian of the power if his men.
So the División del Norte faced Huerta´s army aside the other Divisiones: that from Sonora under command of Álvaro Obregón and that of Coahuila under command of Venustiano Carranza. This man, the long white beard, the spectacles, the high boots, will become a center character in the future of Villa and the American invasion leaded by Pershing in 1916.
So the División del Norte faced Huerta´s army aside the other Divisiones: that from Sonora under command of Álvaro Obregón and that of Coahuila under command of Venustiano Carranza. This man, the long white beard, the spectacles, the high boots, will become a center character in the future of Villa and the American invasion leaded by Pershing in 1916.
Venustiano Carranza, self-proclaimed "El primer Jefe", The First Chief
[1] Aguilar-Camín H, Meyer L, A la sombra de la Revolución Mexicana, Cal y Arena edit., México 1989
